Immunogenetics  is the branch of medical genetics which investigates the relationship between the immune system and genetics. Autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes type, are complex genetic traits that are caused by immune system defects. Identifying genes that define immune defects can  identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches.

Part of the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, the Reproductive Genetics Service was created to help women with medical conditions encountered or made worse by a pregnancy or whose prenatal testing reveals a birth defect or genetic condition in the fetus. Genetics in obstetrics can be complicated because the genetic make-up of three people – the mother, the father of the baby, and the unborn child – must be considered. Many women have a genetic condition that is unrecognized until they become pregnant. Reproductive Genetics Service geneticists and seven board-certified counselors help couples understand how genetics can affect their pregnancy, offering counseling for those planning to have a baby or women who are already pregnant.

Genetic counselling is a mechanism by which individuals and families affected by genetic diseases .They are consulted to help them understand and respond to the health, emotional and family effects of genetic contributors to the disease. Interpretation of family and medical history to determine the probability of disease incidence or recurrence .Training on inheritance, screening, management, prevention, support recommendations to encourage informed choices and risk or illness adaptation.

Personalized medicine hopes to tailor therapies to your genetic make-up one day. Modern drugs save millions of lives a year. Even if it works for other people, any medication might not work for you. Or it might cause severe side effects for you but not for someone else. Your gender, lifestyle and nutrition all have an effect on your drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the unique genetic structure (genome) of a person influences his or her medication response.

The cardiovascular system, or circulatory system, delivers oxygen to the heart. It is made up of the heart, arteries, veins; capillaries. CVD is now the world's most frequent cause of death. There are, however, many ways to reduce the risk that these conditions may develop. The treatment, symptoms, and prevention of conditions that are part of CVD often overlap. We look at the different forms of CVDs in this article, their symptoms and causes, and how to prevent and treat them.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how individuals, based on their genetic makeup or chromosomes, react differently to drug therapy. Diet, overall health, and  the climate also have a significant influence on the reaction of medication, but none are better measures of how medicine is being handled than the genes.

Nutrigenetics refers to the application in nutritional research on  genomic .Principle allowing us to formulate associations between specific nutrients and genetic factors, such as how food or food ingredients influence the expression of genes. It aims to identify the genes that influence the risk of diet-related diseases and also help in solving the mechanisms underlying these genetic predispositions. Nutrigenetics, on the other hand, shows the alignment of individuals ' genetic makeup with their reactions as well as   specific dietary nutrients. It clarifies various individuals ' responses to the same nutrient. The present study addresses the role of genetic background and diet with their   respect . The   development of chronic conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and cancer. These two nutritional branches resemble two sides of a coin, facing opposite sides, but at the same time being intimately attached to each other. Scientific community collaborative efforts are required to strictly follow guidelines on experimental designs, evaluation, and nutritional research data processing. This technique will be helpful in building a reliable database that is useful to physicians and dieticians.

Neurogenetics studies the role of genetics in nervous system development and function. This recognizes neural features like phenotypes (i.e., observable or non-measurable manifestations of an individual's genetic make-up) and is mainly based on the fact.  Individuals ' nervous systems are belonging to the same species, may not be the same. As the name implies, it draws elements from both neuroscience and genetics research, concentrating in particular on how its transmitted characteristics influence the genetic code that an organism bears. Mutations can have a wide range of effects on the individual's quality of life in this genetic sequence. In the context of neurogenetics, neurological diseases, behaviour and personality are all studied. In the mid to late 1900s, the field of neurogenetics emerged with developments and closely following advances made in the technologies available.

Cancer is a genetic problem where normal cell enhancement regulation is lost. Now, cancer biology is one of the fastest-growing cell differentiating abilities. At the nuclear level, a mutation(s) of DNA causes cancer, resulting in the development of twisted cells. The increasing dimension of these changes is guarded and occurs in external cells. In any case, the germ line is secured by a couple of individuals. The mutation(s) occurs in two cell characteristics classes on cogenes and the characteristics of the tumour silencer. Tumour silencer characteristics monitor cell division and extension camouflage under standard conditions. Changes in these characteristics lead to unregulated cell replication which results in tumours with odd cell cycles and growth of tumours. The features of the tumour silencer contribute to the disease by inactivating limit BiogenesiCancer cytogenetics

Human genetics, is study for Analysis of the parent's succession of characteristics. In human heritage as no fundamental way differs from that in other organisms. Human heredity research occupies a key genetic role. Much of this fascination derives from a deep desire to know who and why human beings are as they are. In a more practical way, Understanding human inheritance is critical in the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases. The quest to establish human health's genetic basis has given rise to the medical genetics industry. Medicine has generally given emphasis and purpose to human genetics, so it is often considered interchangeable with the terms of clinical genetics and human genetics.

Cytogenetics is the study of cell structure, area, and ability of chromosomes. It involves studying the number and presence of chromosomes (karyotyping), the physical region of chromosomal properties, and chromosomal actions in procedures such as cell division. The ordinary human cell consists of 46 chromosomes: 22 autosomal pairs, numbered 1-22 by decreasing length query, 1 array of gonosomes, or sex chromosomes.

Fortunately, most children are born healthy with no medical problems or birth  defects. However, many children are born with differences in body structure, development of the brain,or body chemistry that can contribute to health, development, school performance, and/or social interaction problems. In order to identify the causes and natural history of these disorders, pediatric geneticists are trained. They may suggest tests and treatments that may help you understand and take care of  your child. Pediatric geneticists can also help families understand whether certain disorders are inherited (from the genes) and provide screening to members of the family who may be at risk of having children with similar problems.

CRISPR stands for short palindromic repeats regularly interspaced, which are the hallmark of a bacterial defence system that forms the basis for the genome editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. The term "CRISPR" or "CRISPR-Cas9" in the field of genome It is frequently used loosely to refer  the different CRISPR-Cas9 and -CPF1 (and other) systems that can be programmed to target specific genetic code stretches and edit DNA at precise locations, as well as for other purposes, such as new diagnostic instruments. With these systems, researchers can permanently modify genes in living cells and organisms and in the future enable mutations to be corrected at specific locations in the human genome to treat genetic causes of disease. Certain methods, such as CRISPR-Cas13's, which target RNA offers alternate avenues for use. And unique features that have been leveraged for sensitive diagnostic tools, such as SHERLOCK, are now available.

Developmental genetics is the study of  how qualities control development and advancement of a living being for a mind-blowing duration cycle. A recently prepared egg cell or zygote contains a remarkable gathering of qualities that will control its improvement from a solitary cell into a fetus through examples of differential quality articulation during the time spent embryogenesis.

A mutation is the source of genetic variation that leads to adaptive evolution and satification of the population. The fields of evolutionary and population genetics apply quantitative and empirical methods of research to population models, seeking to understand the dynamics of genetic variation and natural population change. These fields focus on molecular population genetics such as allele frequency, quantitative genetics, and recombination phenomena and their impact on genetic interconnection. The research projects of our Evolutionary and Population Genetics Faculty use genome-wide quantitative computational methods to explain the genetic structure and difference between  populations and organisms, as well as complex phenotypes and evolutionary history.

Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that decreases the development of  haemoglobin It leads to a lack of red blood cells and low oxygen levels. this induces a loss of  red blood cells and low blood oxygen levels, leading to a variety of health issues.  Thalassemia, alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia are two main types. Symptoms and signs may vary but may include mild anaemia, malignancy, tiredness, yellow skin discolouration (jaundice), and bone problems. Beta thalassemia is caused by changes (mutations) in the HBB gene while alpha thalassemia is caused by mutations in the genes HBA1 and HBA2. Both are inherited in an autosomal receive manner. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition but may include blood transfusions and or supplements of folic acid.

Fertilization and Embryogensis is the process of Fusion of sperm and ovum to form Zygote. Fertilization usually take place in oviduct. Ovum is in secondary oocyte stage during fertilization. Secondary oocyte is surrounded by two layer-zona pellucida and zona reticulate. Sperm move toward the secondary oocyte and bind to the receptor on zona pellucida. After sperm enter the oocyte, the zona pellucida become fertilization membrane preventing other sperm to enter. It is the entry of sperm that stimulate second meiotic division of Oocyte . Acrosome of sperm release proteolytic enzyme (Hyaluronidase) that digest the egg wall and then the pro-nucleuses fuse form zygote (2n).

Zygote undergoes repeated cell division called cleavage. Cleavage starts as the zygote moves down from oviduct to uterus 3-5 days after fertilization, zygote develop into ball like structure of cell with central cavity; blastocyst (Blastula stage).Outer cell of blastocyst is known as trophoblastic cell while inner cell is known as embryonic cell. Trophoblastic cell secrete HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone; similar in function as LH. It Prevent degredation  of corpus luteum, therefore corpus luteum continue to secrete progesterone and oestrogen, which help continuous growth of endometrium wall causing menstruation cycle to stop.

Genomics is an interdisciplinary scientific field that focuses on genome structure, work, progress, mapping, and modification. A genome is the entire DNA blueprint of a life system, including most of its characteristics. Like innate characteristics, while insinuating the analysis of individual characteristics and their inheritance components, genomics is concerned with the overall classification and evaluation of characteristics, which organize the age of proteins with the aid of mixes and minister particles.For example, make up body structures, organs and tissues, and also control mixture reactions and movements between cells. Genomics, in the same way, combines genome sequencing and analysis by high-performance DNA sequencing and bioinformatics businesses to collect and isolate the limit and structure of whole genomes.

A variety of approaches for treating genetic disorders are under progress, including an inherited disease (e.g. monogenic / Mendelian) and acquired conditions such as cancer and infections. This topic reviews molecular techniques that can be used to change a gene's sequence or expression, including gene therapy, gene editing, and silencing of genes.