Genomics is the field of genetics which deals with the study of structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. Genomics involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes using  DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.

Advancement in genomics made a transformation in discovery-based research and systems biology to  understand complex biological systems such as the brain.

Genetic Disorder may be caused as result of new mutation or changes that occur in DNA. It is also a hereditary diseases  that is caused from parents gene. Mostly it caused due to the abnormalities in the genome. Genetic disorders are classified into different types depending up on single gene or multiple genes . Around 4000 diseases are categorized as single gene defect. Some of the multifactorial  disorders include heart diseases and diabetes. Some of the common diseases are asthma, Diabetes, Hypertension and Obesity.

Thalassemia is characterized as an abnormal hemoglobin producing condition. It is a type of inherited blood disorders. Symptoms are mild to severe anemia due to low red blood cells count. Anemia can make one feel tired and have pale skin. Bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, dark urine, and among children slow growth are other related symptoms of Thalassemia. There are two main types in thalassemia, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. Diagnosis is done by blood tests including a complete blood count, special haemoglobin tests, and genetic tests. Diagnosis can also be done before birth by prenatal testing.

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from an individual’s parents. Amongst all, the most common type is known as sickle-cell anaemia (SCA). An abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin (haemoglobin S) found in red blood cells is seen in SCD. This mainly leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Sickel cell disease Problems typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. Sickle-cell disease caused due to when inheritance two abnormal copies of the haemoglobin gene, one from each parent. This gene present in chromosome 11. Various subtypes exist, depending on the exact mutation in each haemoglobin gene. An attack can get started by temperature changes, stress, dehydration, and high altitude

Medical genetics is a branch of medicine that involve diagnosis and management of genetic disorders. Slightly medical genetics and human genetics differ in certain ways, where human genetics is a field of  scientific research which may or may not apply to medicine but medical genetics depend on the applications of  genetics to medical care.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining actual order of nucleotide (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and thymine) with in a DNA molecule. This technique is used in various fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics and anthropology.

Human evolutionary genetics explain how one human genome will differ from another human genome, from where the evolutionary past arrived that gave rise to it, and also its the current effects. This disparity between the genomes has anthropological, historical, medical and forensic implication and applications. Genetic data can provide important insight into human evolution. It helps one to understand the differences in the human genome and learn about how evolution has affects the development of the genome and acquired diversity

It is type of genetic engineering which involves addition , deletion and insertion  or modification of genome in a organism. The Common thing in this research is to modify DNA sequence  and observe the changes on the organism. This method is known as reverse genetics where  it is vice versa to forward genetics in which the phenotype  will be observed  first and genetics of the organism will be studied later.

Cancer genetics studies about the heritable gene variants in humans and other animals that causes the change in risk of tumour or haematological malignancy.  An Individual cancer risk varies and is influenced by familial and sporadic oncogene or tumour suppressor gene mutations as well as rare and common constitutional variants present in the population. For many years, cancer genetics has mainly focused on mutational events which have their own primary effect within the cancer cell.

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary subject that develops methods and software tools for understanding concept of biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics is a combination of biology, computer science, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret the biological data. Using mathematical and statistical techniques, in silico analyses  of biological queries is carried out in Bioinformatics. 

Commonly used bioinformatics Tools

• Pattern Hunter

• COPIA

• PROSPECT

• Ras Mol

• Clustalw

• EMBOSS

• FASTA

• BLAST

Pharmacogenomics is the study dealing with the response of an individual with respect to their genome to the administered drugs. As the name suggests it is the combination of two different fields that is pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Adverse drug reactions are a significant cause of hospitalizations and deaths in many countries. 

Epigenetics is a biological mechanism exhibiting functionally relevant changes to the genome that does not involve changes in the DNA sequences. Epigenetics controls the gene expression through the action of repressor protein that attaches to silencer regions of the DNA, switching between turn on and off of a gene, leading to alteration in the chromosomal regions. 

Immunogenetics is under a division of medical genetics that exploits the relationship between the genetics and immune system. Type 1 diabetes is an Autoimmune disease, it has complex genetic traits which result due to defects in the immune system. New target genes for therapeutic approaches are identified by Identification of genes defining the immune defects. Alternatively, by making use of genetic variation the immunological pathway leading to disease is defined. It highlights the emerging technical and various conceptual breakthroughs that pitch for mechanisms of anti-donor responses.

Use of Stem cells for the treatment and prevention of diseased condition is categorized under stem cell therapy. Bone marrow transplant is found to be most widely used among various stem-cell therapies. Some stem cell therapies were acquired by using umbilical cord blood. Stem-cell therapy has turned into a controversial trailing to the developments where scientists are able to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. These controversies often comprehend abortion politics and to human cloning. Stem cell therapy has been exploited for treatments of neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

A gene mutation happens due to permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, in a way that the sequence differs from what is found in most of the normal individual. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA base pair to a large segment of a chromosome, one including multiple genes. It can be classified in two major ways that is hereditary mutations and acquired mutation.

Behavioural genetics is the branch of genetics which deals with the study of behaviour of an organism. It also differentiates behaviour of different organism depending up on the genetics. Behavioural genetic studies have extensively impacted cutting-edge know-how the role of genetic and environmental impacts on behaviour. Different methodology involved are Animal studies, Twin and family studies, Quasi-experimental designs.

Neurogenetics is the branch of genetics which studies the development and function of nervous system. Many neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s  and  Parkinson’s  diseases can be related to neurogenetics and  the research of genetics on neurological disorder are still on going.

Genetic counseling is the technique by which the patients or family liable to an inherited disease are counseled of the results and nature of the sickness, the possibility of growing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning. This complicated procedure may be separated into diagnostic (the real estimation of threat) and supportive factors

Nutrigenomics is a department of nutritional genomics and is the study of the consequences of ingredients and food parts on gene expression. It is a area of research focusing on figuring out and knowledge molecular-level interaction between vitamins and different nutritional bioactives with the genome.

Regenerative medication is the department of translational studies which involves the method of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or set up regular function.This area holds the promise of engineering broken tissues and organs via stimulating the frame's very own restore mechanisms to functionally heal formerly irreparable tissues or organs